A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 132

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 294

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 168

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 237

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 282

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 294

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 304

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 314

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 315

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 316

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 375

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 110

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 13
Function: library

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $where declared before required parameter $data is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/Default_model.php

Line Number: 16

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 15
Function: model

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $whereValue declared before required parameter $data is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/Default_model.php

Line Number: 0

Backtrace:

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 15
Function: model

File: /home/innomep2/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

About us

‘Innomep’ is a professional MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumping) consulting engineering firm based in Calicut, Kerala.

read more

Innomep Engineering, Chevayoor, Calicut, Kerala

innomep@gmail.com

+91 8606 911 122 | +91 9746 337 377

HEATING IN HVAC SYSTEMS

Most people are aware of the concept of heaters as heating units. Who doesn’t warm up their room during the winters with a convector heater? Now, imagine a system that centrally heats an entire building. That is what the heating aspect of HVAC systems is about. A heating unit like a boiler or a heat pump heats water or air in a furnace or a large mechanical room. The process of conduction or convection transfers heat from this heating unit of the HVAC systems to all the areas of the building. Pipes transport heat created by water or steam in the heating unit to other areas. A circulator or a heat pump in the heating unit moves the hot water to distribution systems. Wall-mounted or floor-installed radiators transfer heat throughout the building. The transfer of heat using steam or water is known as Hydronics. The heat from the air is transferred through ducts that are heat-resistant. In this system, the air needs to be filtered for dust and other particles.